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Top Biology Formulas

Important biological equations and concepts.

1
Photosynthesis Equation
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Light Energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Represent the overall photosynthesis reaction.

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2
Aerobic Respiration Equation
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy (ATP)

Represent the overall aerobic breakdown of glucose.

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3
Hardy Weinberg Principle
p + q = 1; p² + 2pq + q² = 1

Describe allele and genotype frequencies under ideal population conditions.

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4
Mendelian Monohybrid Cross
Tt × Tt → Genotype Ratio 1:2:1

Represent a heterozygous monohybrid cross.

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5
Respiratory Quotient
RQ = CO₂ Released / O₂ Consumed

Calculate the respiratory quotient for a respiratory substrate.

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6
Net Primary Productivity
NPP = GPP - R

Calculate net primary productivity.

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7
Photosynthesis Rate Factors
Rate depends on Light, CO₂, Temperature, Water

List limiting factors of photosynthesis.

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8
Respiratory Quotient Values
RQ = 1 (carbohydrate), <1 (fat), >1 (organic acid)

Interpret respiratory quotient values.

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9
Blood Pressure
BP = Systolic / Diastolic (normal ≈ 120/80 mmHg)

Understand normal blood pressure values.

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10
Hardy Weinberg Expansion
p² + 2pq + q² = 1

Expand the Hardy-Weinberg equation.

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11
Ecological Efficiency
Efficiency = (Energy at higher trophic level / Energy at lower level) × 100

Calculate energy transfer efficiency between trophic levels.

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12
Population Growth
Population Growth = (Births + Immigration) - (Deaths + Emigration)

Calculate the change in population over a period.

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13
Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume

Calculate the volume of blood pumped per minute.

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14
Body Mass Index
BMI = Weight (kg) / [Height (m)]²

Calculate body mass index.

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15
Exponential Population Growth
Nₜ = N₀eʳᵗ

Model continuous exponential population growth.

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16
Allele Frequency
Allele Frequency = Copies of Allele / Total Copies of All Alleles at the Locus

Calculate an allele frequency in a population.

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17
Allele Hardy Weinberg Frequency
q = √(q²); p = 1 - q

Estimate allele frequencies from a recessive homozygous frequency under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

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18
Cardiac Cycle Duration
Cardiac Cycle ≈ 0.8 s (at 75 beats/min)

Duration of one complete cardiac cycle.

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19
Linkage and Recombination
Recombination Frequency = (Recombinants / Total Offspring) × 100

Calculate recombination percentage.

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20
Population Density
Density = Number of individuals / Area or Volume

Calculate population density.

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