Object-Oriented Programming in C++

Object-Oriented Programming is a programming approach that organizes software design around objects rather than functions or logic.

Basic Concepts of OOP

OOP in C++ is based on the following four main principles:

1. Encapsulation

2. Abstraction

3. Inheritance

4. Polymorphism

1. Class

A class is a blueprint for creating objects.

class Student {
public:
    int roll;
    string name;
};

2. Object

An object is an instance of a class.

Student s1;
s1.roll = 1;
s1.name = "John";

3. Encapsulation

Binding data and functions together in a single unit (class).

class Account {
private:
    int balance;
public:
    void setBalance(int b) {
        balance = b;
    }
};

• Data is protected using access specifiers

4. Abstraction

Hiding internal implementation details and showing only essential features.

Example:

class Shape {
public:
    virtual void draw() = 0;
};

5. Inheritance

One class acquires properties of another class.

class Animal {
public:
    void sound() {
        cout << "Animal sound";
    }
};

class Dog : public Animal {
};

6. Polymorphism

Ability of a function or object to take multiple forms.

Function Overloading

int add(int a, int b);
float add(float a, float b);

Function Overriding

class Base {
public:
    virtual void show() {
        cout << "Base class";
    }
};

class Derived : public Base {
public:
    void show() {
        cout << "Derived class";
    }
};

Access Specifiers

Constructor

A special function that initializes objects.

class Student {
public:
    Student() {
        cout << "Constructor called";
    }
};

Destructor

Used to free resources.

~Student() {
    cout << "Destructor called";
}

Advantages of OOP

• Code reusability

• Better security

• Easy maintenance

• Scalability

Conclusion

Object-Oriented Programming in C++ makes programs more organized, reusable, and easier to manage by modeling real-world entities.