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Critical Thinking Hard 2 min

A study finds that people who exercise regularly have lower average blood pressure than people who do not. Does this alone prove that exercise caused the difference?

Hint
Correlation and causation are different.

Answer

No. The study result alone establishes an association, not necessarily causation.

Explanation

Other variables could contribute to the observed difference. Establishing causation generally requires stronger study design and control of confounding factors.

Step-by-Step Solution

Observed association ≠ automatically causal relationship.
Consider confounding variables and study design.
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