CTET Paper 2 में Mathematics & Science section के लिए Physics के basic concepts, formulas और Science Pedagogy महत्वपूर्ण हैं। नीचे exam-oriented compact notes दिए गए हैं।
1. Motion
- Motion: समय के साथ position में परिवर्तन।
- Speed = Distance / Time
- Velocity = Displacement / Time
- Acceleration = Change in Velocity / Time
- Speed → m/s
- Acceleration → m/s²
2. Force & Pressure
- Force = Push या Pull
- F = ma
- Force की unit → Newton (N)
- Pressure = Force / Area
- Pressure की unit → Pascal (Pa)
- Area कम → Pressure अधिक
3. Work & Energy
- Work = Force × Displacement
- Work/Energy → Joule (J)
- KE = ½mv²
- PE = mgh
- Energy = काम करने की क्षमता
4. Heat & Temperature
- Heat → Energy का transfer
- Temperature → Hotness/Coldness का measure
- Units → °C, °F, Kelvin
- K = °C + 273
5. Light
- Main concepts: Reflection, Refraction, Dispersion
- Angle of Incidence = Angle of Reflection
- Plane Mirror → Virtual image
- Convex Mirror → Rear-view mirror
- Concave Mirror → Headlight/Shaving mirror
6. Sound
- Sound को propagation के लिए medium चाहिए।
- Vacuum में sound travel नहीं करती।
- Frequency → Hertz (Hz)
- Frequency ↑ → Pitch ↑
- Amplitude ↑ → Loudness ↑
7. Electricity
- I = Q/t
- Current → Ampere (A)
- Voltage → Volt (V)
- Resistance → Ohm (Ω)
- V = IR — Ohm's Law
- P = VI — Electric Power
- Power → Watt (W)
8. Magnetism
- Magnet के दो poles: North और South
- Like poles → Repel
- Unlike poles → Attract
- Magnetic field → Magnet के आसपास force का region
9. Sources of Energy
Renewable: Solar, Wind, Hydro, Biomass, Geothermal
Non-Renewable: Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas
10. Simple Machines
- Lever
- Pulley
- Inclined Plane
- Wheel & Axle
- Screw
- Wedge
Examples: Scissors → Lever, Ramp → Inclined Plane, Knife → Wedge.
11. Natural Phenomena
Important topics:
- Lightning
- Thunder
- Earthquake
- Reflection
- Atmospheric phenomena
12. Important SI Units
| Quantity | Unit |
|---|---|
| Length | Metre (m) |
| Mass | Kilogram (kg) |
| Time | Second (s) |
| Speed | m/s |
| Force | Newton (N) |
| Work | Joule (J) |
| Energy | Joule (J) |
| Power | Watt (W) |
| Pressure | Pascal (Pa) |
| Current | Ampere (A) |
| Voltage | Volt (V) |
| Resistance | Ohm (Ω) |
| Frequency | Hertz (Hz) |
13. Science Pedagogy ⭐
- Scientific Method
- Observation
- Experimentation
- Inquiry-Based Learning
- Activity-Based Learning
- Problem Solving
- Discovery Learning
- Scientific Thinking
- Concept Formation
- Misconceptions
- Assessment
- Remedial Teaching
- Teaching-Learning Materials
CTET Key Point
Physics को केवल definitions याद कराने के बजाय experiments, observation और real-life examples के माध्यम से समझाना बेहतर teaching approach है।
Quick Formula Sheet
Speed = Distance / Time Velocity = Displacement / Time Acceleration = Change in Velocity / Time Force = Mass × Acceleration Pressure = Force / Area Work = Force × Displacement KE = ½mv² PE = mgh Current = Charge / Time V = IR P = VI
Priority Topics
Motion → Force → Work & Energy → Heat → Light → Sound → Electricity → Magnetism → Energy Sources → Science Pedagogy
