Programming is an important part of Computer Science preparation for Bihar STET 2026. This topic includes programming fundamentals, variables, data types, operators, control statements, functions, arrays, strings, pointers, recursion, object-oriented programming and basic programming concepts.

Important Programming Topics

1. Programming Fundamentals
2. Algorithms and Flowcharts
3. Variables and Constants
4. Data Types
5. Operators
6. Input and Output
7. Conditional Statements
8. Loops
9. Functions
10. Arrays
11. Strings
12. Pointers
13. Recursion
14. Structures and Unions
15. Object-Oriented Programming
16. Classes and Objects
17. Inheritance
18. Polymorphism
19. Encapsulation
20. Exception Handling

Programming Fundamentals

A program is a sequence of instructions written in a programming language to perform a specific task.

Programming Language

A programming language provides rules and syntax for writing computer programs.

Programming languages can broadly include:

• Machine Language
• Assembly Language
• High-Level Languages

Compiler

A compiler translates a program written in a high-level language into a lower-level form, often producing machine code or an intermediate representation.

Interpreter

An interpreter executes program instructions through an interpretation process, typically without producing a standalone machine-code executable in the traditional compilation model.

Variables

A variable is a named storage location used to hold a value that may change during program execution.

Example in C:

int age = 25;

Here:

• int → data type
• age → variable
• 25 → value

Constants

A constant represents a value that does not change during the relevant program execution.

Example:

const float PI = 3.14159;

Data Types

Common basic data types in C/C++ include:

• int
• char
• float
• double
• void

Other languages may provide additional types such as:

• Boolean
• String
• Object
• List

Operators

Operators are symbols used to perform operations.

Arithmetic Operators

+, -, *, /, %

Relational Operators

<, >, <=, >=, ==, !=

Logical Operators

&&, ||, !

Assignment Operators

=, +=, -=, *=, /=

Increment and Decrement

++, --

Conditional Statements

Conditional statements allow a program to make decisions.

if Statement

if (age >= 18)
{
    printf("Eligible");
}

if-else

if (a > b)
    printf("A is greater");
else
    printf("B is greater");

switch Statement

switch is commonly used when one expression is compared against multiple constant cases.

Loops

Loops are used to execute a block of code repeatedly.

for Loop

Useful when the number of iterations is known or controlled by a loop condition.

while Loop

The condition is checked before each iteration.

do-while Loop

The loop body executes at least once because the condition is checked after the body.

Functions

A function is a reusable block of code designed to perform a particular task.

Functions improve:

• Modularity
• Reusability
• Readability
• Maintainability

A function can have:

• Parameters
• Return value

Arrays

An array stores a collection of elements of the same data type in contiguous memory in languages such as C.

Example:

int marks[5];

An array can be:

• One-dimensional
• Two-dimensional
• Multidimensional

Strings

A string represents a sequence of characters.

In C, a string is stored as a character array terminated by the null character:

'\0'

Example:

char name[] = "Bihar";

Pointers

A pointer is a variable that stores a memory address.

Example:

int x = 10;
int *p = &x;

Here, p stores the address of x.

Important operators:

• & → address-of
• * → dereference

Recursion

Recursion occurs when a function calls itself.

A recursive function should have a base case to stop further recursive calls.

Example:

int factorial(int n)
{
    if (n == 0)
        return 1;
    return n * factorial(n - 1);
}

Object-Oriented Programming

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) organizes software around objects and classes.

Important concepts include:

Class

A class is a blueprint or definition used to create objects.

Object

An object is an instance of a class.

Encapsulation

Bundling data and methods together while controlling access to internal details.

Inheritance

A mechanism through which a class can acquire properties and behavior from another class.

Polymorphism

The ability to use a common interface for different underlying implementations.

Abstraction

Representing essential features while hiding unnecessary implementation details.

Important Programming MCQs for Bihar STET 2026

1. What is a program?

A. A hardware component
B. A sequence of instructions to perform a task
C. A memory device
D. A network protocol

Answer: B. A sequence of instructions to perform a task

2. Which language is directly understood by the processor?

A. High-level language
B. Machine language
C. SQL
D. HTML

Answer: B. Machine language

3. Which software translates a high-level program into machine-oriented code?

A. Compiler
B. Browser
C. Editor
D. Loader only

Answer: A. Compiler

4. Which of the following is a basic data type in C?

A. int
B. class
C. package
D. object

Answer: A. int

5. Which operator is used for modulus in C?

A. /
B. *
C. %
D. #

Answer: C. %

6. Which operator represents logical AND in C?

A. &
B. &&
C. ||
D. !

Answer: B. &&

7. Which operator represents logical OR in C?

A. &&
B. ||
C. !
D. &

Answer: B. ||

8. Which statement is commonly used for decision-making?

A. if
B. for
C. continue
D. return

Answer: A. if

9. Which loop is guaranteed to execute its body at least once?

A. for
B. while
C. do-while
D. None

Answer: C. do-while

10. Which statement is used to select among multiple cases?

A. if
B. switch
C. loop
D. goto only

Answer: B. switch

11. Which keyword is used to return a value from a C function?

A. break
B. return
C. exit
D. continue

Answer: B. return

12. What is an array?

A. Collection of elements generally of the same type
B. A single operator
C. A programming language
D. A compiler

Answer: A. Collection of elements generally of the same type

13. The first index of a C array is generally:

A. 0
B. 1
C. -1
D. 2

Answer: A. 0

14. In C, a string is terminated by:

A. '\n'
B. '\0'
C. '\t'
D. EOF

Answer: B. '\0'

15. What does a pointer store?

A. Only integer values
B. A memory address
C. A program name
D. A data type

Answer: B. A memory address

16. Which operator gives the address of a variable in C?

A. *
B. &
C. %
D. #

Answer: B. &

17. Which operator is used for pointer dereferencing in C?

A. &
B. *
C. -> only
D. %

**Answer: B. ***

18. A function calling itself is known as:

A. Iteration
B. Recursion
C. Compilation
D. Encapsulation

Answer: B. Recursion

19. A recursive function must generally have:

A. A base case
B. Only a pointer
C. A switch statement
D. A class

Answer: A. A base case

20. Which concept is associated with OOP?

A. Encapsulation
B. Compilation only
C. Linking only
D. Assembly

Answer: A. Encapsulation

21. An object is generally:

A. An instance of a class
B. A compiler
C. A data type only
D. A loop

Answer: A. An instance of a class

22. Which OOP concept allows a class to acquire properties and behavior from another class?

A. Encapsulation
B. Inheritance
C. Abstraction
D. Compilation

Answer: B. Inheritance

23. Which OOP concept refers to one interface supporting different implementations?

A. Inheritance
B. Polymorphism
C. Compilation
D. Recursion

Answer: B. Polymorphism

24. Which OOP concept hides unnecessary implementation details?

A. Abstraction
B. Looping
C. Inheritance only
D. Compilation

Answer: A. Abstraction

25. Which feature helps organize data and related methods into a single unit?

A. Encapsulation
B. Recursion
C. Iteration
D. Searching

Answer: A. Encapsulation

26. Which statement immediately terminates the current loop or switch in C?

A. continue
B. break
C. return only
D. goto only

Answer: B. break

27. Which statement skips the remaining statements of the current loop iteration?

A. break
B. continue
C. switch
D. exit

Answer: B. continue

28. Which loop is commonly preferred when the number of iterations is known?

A. for
B. while
C. do-while
D. switch

Answer: A. for

29. Which of the following is NOT an arithmetic operator?

A. +
B. -
C. *
D. &&

Answer: D. &&

30. Which programming concept divides a program into reusable blocks?

A. Function
B. Variable
C. Constant
D. Operator

Answer: A. Function

Quick Revision

• Program → Set of instructions to perform a task.
• Compiler → Translates source code into a target form.
• Variable → Named storage whose value can change.
• Constant → Value intended not to change.
• Array → Collection of elements of the same type in C.
• String in C → Character array ending with '\0'.
• Pointer → Stores a memory address.
• Function → Reusable block of code.
• Recursion → Function calls itself.
• Class → Blueprint/definition for objects.
• Object → Instance of a class.
• Inheritance → Acquiring properties/behavior from another class.
• Polymorphism → One interface with multiple implementations.
• Encapsulation → Bundling data and methods with controlled access.
• Abstraction → Hiding unnecessary implementation details.

Bihar STET Preparation Focus

For Bihar STET Computer Science 2026, focus on programming fundamentals, C/C++ concepts, data types, operators, control statements, loops, functions, arrays, strings, pointers, recursion and OOP concepts. Practice output-based and conceptual MCQs regularly for better performance in the examination.