Reasoning

Permutation of Repeated Objects

Arrange n objects where some are identical.

n! / (p! q! r! …)

Formula Explanation

Divide by factorial of counts of each repeated item.

Variables Explained

p, q, r = frequencies of identical objects.

Solved Example

Arrange letters of “MISSISSIPPI”.
11! / (4! 4! 2!) = 34650.

Exam Tip

Always account for all repeated letters.